2This analogy, however, is not that of the Parsonian structural functionalism. See, for example, Parsons
(1951). Rather, we are using chaos models, or what one might term "emergence" models, more in keeping
with Prigogine ( 1980 ). See also Prigogine and Stengers (1984). For further discussion, see Nonaka (1988a).
3Artificial intelligence is the technique being applied to make the more routine aspects of interpretation
amenable to machine control. See Daft and Weick (1984) tor a discussion of organizations as interpretation
systems.
4This type of information is in sharp contrast to that manipulated by traditional academic economists which is
assumed to be based on so-called "hard" data. The real world of business is more often predicated on
hunches, "gut" feelings and inarticulable experience.
5"There is an increasing literature in the sociology and history of science which argues that the traditional
deductive model of science does not describe the way science is actually done. See, for example, Latour and
Woolgar (1979), and Rose and Rose (1976).