China’s environmental problems and the success (or failure) of pollution control can have global implications. Water pollution has been increasing with the rate of urbanization and industrialization. Any severe curb or restriction of industrialization based on environmental pollution considerations without concerning the impact of industrial output is unlikely to succeed. Based on the experience of Europe, it is possible to protect the surface and groundwaters while allowing industrial growth. Although a lot of effort has been taken to keep its wastewater discharge standards in pace with the water pollution development and technological advances, many challenges remain. A summary of the past achievements and lessons learned as well as the current problems in water pollution should provide a basis for future improvements in China and a reference for other countries.