SUMMARY THOUGHTS
This perspective has argued that there is a continuing need for new
cycles of antibiotic discovery and development. The genes found in
the global resistomes are mobilizable with different frequencies to
propel waves of resistant bacteria to each generation of newly
introduced antibiotics. Given that the past half century has turned
up few new molecular scaffolds, the fine tuning of existing frameworks
by medicinal chemists may be approaching an asymptotic limit.
One small surprise has been the rise in usage/rediscovery of
lipopeptides made by NRP synthetase machineries as antibiotics.
Although daptomycin is the poster child of the past decade, ADEPS
show unanticipated mechanisms, not working through membrane
disruption. Even the polymyxins have come back into prominence,
given the multidrug-resistant profiles of Gram-negative pathogens.
There are certainly many more lipopeptide natural products in the
biosphere, and they may be starting points for combination therapies.
New approaches to interrogation of the biosynthetic capacity of the
microbial world for conditional metabolites suggests new scaffolds
will be found, presumably opening up additional rounds of both
chemical and bioengineering optimization of those novel molecular
scaffolds. Different approaches to synthetic library design may also
enrich the hit rates in whole bacterial screens, especially to combat the
permeability barriers and efflux pumps of the ESKAPE pathogens.
In parallel, we have opined on a select, possibly representative set of
targets that we suggest are underexploited based on chemocentric past
experience that promising, specific chemical matter has been identi-
fied, often in the form of natural product scaffolds. Improvements in
biological assay designs and configurations almost always turn up new
molecules. Smart screens have already shown that activity-guided
isolation of novel natural molecular architectures is still possible.
Several of these screens have assayed for resensitization and/or synergy
with existing antibiotics to which pathogens have become insensitive.
These augur for early guidance for combination therapies against
particular pathogens.
More combination therapy seems a likely way forward, paralleling
the trend of therapeutic modalities in viral infections and in cancer
treatments. In that eventuality, coupling real-time diagnostics of the
pathogen population in each patient to a proven or predictively
effective combination of antibiotics may be a way forward, although
Kishony and coworkers have noted the downside potential for
resistance development in combination approaches.220
SUMMARY THOUGHTSThis perspective has argued that there is a continuing need for newcycles of antibiotic discovery and development. The genes found inthe global resistomes are mobilizable with different frequencies topropel waves of resistant bacteria to each generation of newlyintroduced antibiotics. Given that the past half century has turnedup few new molecular scaffolds, the fine tuning of existing frameworksby medicinal chemists may be approaching an asymptotic limit.One small surprise has been the rise in usage/rediscovery oflipopeptides made by NRP synthetase machineries as antibiotics.Although daptomycin is the poster child of the past decade, ADEPSshow unanticipated mechanisms, not working through membranedisruption. Even the polymyxins have come back into prominence,given the multidrug-resistant profiles of Gram-negative pathogens.There are certainly many more lipopeptide natural products in thebiosphere, and they may be starting points for combination therapies.New approaches to interrogation of the biosynthetic capacity of themicrobial world for conditional metabolites suggests new scaffoldswill be found, presumably opening up additional rounds of bothchemical and bioengineering optimization of those novel molecularscaffolds. Different approaches to synthetic library design may alsoenrich the hit rates in whole bacterial screens, especially to combat thepermeability barriers and efflux pumps of the ESKAPE pathogens.In parallel, we have opined on a select, possibly representative set of
targets that we suggest are underexploited based on chemocentric past
experience that promising, specific chemical matter has been identi-
fied, often in the form of natural product scaffolds. Improvements in
biological assay designs and configurations almost always turn up new
molecules. Smart screens have already shown that activity-guided
isolation of novel natural molecular architectures is still possible.
Several of these screens have assayed for resensitization and/or synergy
with existing antibiotics to which pathogens have become insensitive.
These augur for early guidance for combination therapies against
particular pathogens.
More combination therapy seems a likely way forward, paralleling
the trend of therapeutic modalities in viral infections and in cancer
treatments. In that eventuality, coupling real-time diagnostics of the
pathogen population in each patient to a proven or predictively
effective combination of antibiotics may be a way forward, although
Kishony and coworkers have noted the downside potential for
resistance development in combination approaches.220
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