2. Systemic stimulation
Any agent that has the ability to influence salivary glands to increase production
of saliva is termed a secretagogue. Among 24 examined agents only four sialagogues
have been examined extensively in controlled clinical trials; these are bromhexine,
anetholetrithione, pilocarpine hydrochloride (HCl), and cevimeline HCl, but with
mixed results [20].
The mechanism of action for salivary stimulation of a mucolytic agent bromhexine
and anetholetrithione is not fully understood. No proven benefit to salivary function
has been shown for bromhexine yet it may stimulate lacrimal function in patients
with Sjögren’s syndrome although this is controversial. It has been suggested that
anetholetrithione may up-regulate muscarinic receptors and increased saliva flow
in patients with mild salivary gland hypofunction, but was ineffective in patients
with marked salivary gland hypofunction.
Pilocarpine HCL is the best studied sialagogue. As a parasympathomimetic agent
it causes stimulation of cholinergic receptors on the surface of acinar cells. Pilocarpine
increases salivary output, stimulating any remaining gland function. Current
indications are for patients following radiotherapy and for those with Sjögren’s syndrome.
In doses of up to 15 mg/day, it increases secretion of saliva, and for optimal
results patients should be treated during 8-12 week. After the administration of
pilocarpine, salivary output increases rapidly, usually reaching a maximum within
1 hour. The best-tolerated doses are those of 5.0 to 7.5 mg, given three or four times
daily. The duration of action is approximately 2 to 3 hours. [20]. Pilocarpine may be
used as maintenance therapy during longer periods and as a salvage therapy for salivary
gland function during RT. Stimulation of the salivary glands during radiation
therapy has been suggested as a possible means of reducing damage to the glands.
The synergistic effect of anetholetrithione in combination with pilocarpine was
shown [20]. The mechanism of action of anetholetrithione may be to increase the
number of cell surface receptors on salivary acinar cells and pilocarpine stimulates
the receptors thus, in combination, these drugs have synergistic effect [20]. Pilocarpine
is contraindicated in patients with pulmonary disease, asthma, cardiovascular
disease, gastrointestinal diseases and glaucoma [20].Cevimeline is another parasympathomimetic agonist that has been recently
approved for the treatment of oral dryness in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Due
to similar side effects as to those of pilocarpine it must be prescribed with caution.
2. Systemic stimulationAny agent that has the ability to influence salivary glands to increase productionof saliva is termed a secretagogue. Among 24 examined agents only four sialagogueshave been examined extensively in controlled clinical trials; these are bromhexine,anetholetrithione, pilocarpine hydrochloride (HCl), and cevimeline HCl, but withmixed results [20].The mechanism of action for salivary stimulation of a mucolytic agent bromhexineand anetholetrithione is not fully understood. No proven benefit to salivary functionhas been shown for bromhexine yet it may stimulate lacrimal function in patientswith Sjögren’s syndrome although this is controversial. It has been suggested thatanetholetrithione may up-regulate muscarinic receptors and increased saliva flowin patients with mild salivary gland hypofunction, but was ineffective in patientswith marked salivary gland hypofunction.Pilocarpine HCL is the best studied sialagogue. As a parasympathomimetic agentit causes stimulation of cholinergic receptors on the surface of acinar cells. Pilocarpineincreases salivary output, stimulating any remaining gland function. Currentindications are for patients following radiotherapy and for those with Sjögren’s syndrome.In doses of up to 15 mg/day, it increases secretion of saliva, and for optimalresults patients should be treated during 8-12 week. After the administration ofpilocarpine, salivary output increases rapidly, usually reaching a maximum within1 hour. The best-tolerated doses are those of 5.0 to 7.5 mg, given three or four timesdaily. The duration of action is approximately 2 to 3 hours. [20]. Pilocarpine may beused as maintenance therapy during longer periods and as a salvage therapy for salivarygland function during RT. Stimulation of the salivary glands during radiationtherapy has been suggested as a possible means of reducing damage to the glands.The synergistic effect of anetholetrithione in combination with pilocarpine wasshown [20]. The mechanism of action of anetholetrithione may be to increase thenumber of cell surface receptors on salivary acinar cells and pilocarpine stimulatesthe receptors thus, in combination, these drugs have synergistic effect [20]. Pilocarpineis contraindicated in patients with pulmonary disease, asthma, cardiovasculardisease, gastrointestinal diseases and glaucoma [20].Cevimeline is another parasympathomimetic agonist that has been recentlyapproved for the treatment of oral dryness in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Dueto similar side effects as to those of pilocarpine it must be prescribed with caution.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
