In a review of effective positive youth development programs, 60 per cent of the effective programs used family or parent strategies, combined with other school or community based strategies, to promote positive youth development.102 Parent strategies included direct parent training or education strategies, many of which were implemented at the school, as well as home based strategies designed to enhance the youth's acquisition of new skills and learning. Many of the effective programs combined school based and family focused strategies, e.g. while students are learning new skills at school, parents are frequently the target of efforts designed to promote family competence and enhance parent self-effectiveness.