2.1.2 Interactive Processing
Bottom-up and top-down processing is the view that listening comprehension concerns
interactive processing. In other words, listening comprehension is a mix of bottom-up and
top-down processing. O’Malley, et al. (1989) found that effective second language listeners
employed both top-down and bottom-up strategies to understand meaning whereas
incompetent listeners interpret the meanings of individual words. The idea is that listening
comprehension is the outcome of an interaction of a numbers of pieces of knowledge. This
means that listeners have to use many types of knowledge. The knowledge of specific aspects
of language such as word meanings or grammatical structures, and the influence of the
listener’s expectation and background knowledge, the particular situation and the topic itself
all contribute to the listeners ability to comprehend spoken messages. In other words,
listeners use whatever information they possess to interpret what a speaker is saying.
To summarize, in listening comprehension, bottom-up and top-down processing are used
together to interpret intended meaning. In order to comprehend the message conveyed,
listeners must comprehend the phonetic input, vocabulary, and syntax (bottom-up
processing), and employ the context of situations, general knowledge, and past experiences
(top-down processing). That is to say, listeners do not passively listen to speakers in order
to understand the meaning of the messages, but actively interpret the speakers’ expected
meaning and acquire meaningful information by assimilating the sounds, words, and
phrases.
2.1.2 Interactive ProcessingBottom-up and top-down processing is the view that listening comprehension concernsinteractive processing. In other words, listening comprehension is a mix of bottom-up andtop-down processing. O’Malley, et al. (1989) found that effective second language listenersemployed both top-down and bottom-up strategies to understand meaning whereasincompetent listeners interpret the meanings of individual words. The idea is that listeningcomprehension is the outcome of an interaction of a numbers of pieces of knowledge. Thismeans that listeners have to use many types of knowledge. The knowledge of specific aspectsof language such as word meanings or grammatical structures, and the influence of thelistener’s expectation and background knowledge, the particular situation and the topic itselfall contribute to the listeners ability to comprehend spoken messages. In other words,listeners use whatever information they possess to interpret what a speaker is saying.To summarize, in listening comprehension, bottom-up and top-down processing are usedtogether to interpret intended meaning. In order to comprehend the message conveyed,listeners must comprehend the phonetic input, vocabulary, and syntax (bottom-upprocessing), and employ the context of situations, general knowledge, and past experiences(top-down processing). That is to say, listeners do not passively listen to speakers in orderto understand the meaning of the messages, but actively interpret the speakers’ expectedmeaning and acquire meaningful information by assimilating the sounds, words, andphrases.
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