In brief, a weight loss of 30 wt% was obtained
at the following conditions: 260 C over 30–90 min, 270 C
over 30 min, 280 C over 15–20 min, 290 C over 15–20 min, and
300 C over 10–15 min. In general, the weight loss increased with
increasing the torrefaction temperature and/or the residence time.