Paradoxically, in what is regarded as a universal experience (cf. Schittelhelm & Schmidtke, 2010), the benefits
derived from inbound immigration especially skilled migration into high income and industrialised economies are
often sub-par and haphazard. Despite a growing involvement and intensified competition among governments to
recruit the 'best minds' (Schittelhelm & Schmidtke, 2010) i.e. highly skilled and educated migrants, there is little or
no assurance that migrants will be productively employed. The latter is often evident when contrasting the economic
performance of immigrants with that of host country citizens (non-immigrants). Büchel and Frick (2003) fairly
recently argued that evidence of an effective immigration policy should manifest in non-significant differences
between the income levels of these two groups