Innovative technologies to remove nitrate from the recirculated water and from the RAS discharge will be especially critical for mitigation of the toxic impacts of nitrate and for reduction in water requirements allowing industry expansion in areas with water quantity and quality concerns. Fluidized biofilters are one such technology that pro-vides efficient and cost-competitive water treatment by providingvery high specific surface area for bacterial activity in a reactor that does not plug due to biofilm growth (due to its expandednature) despite very small biofilter footprints