The proposed theoretical model in this study was partly confirmed but has to be expanded and elaborated in future, planned studies on the specific characteristics of the PBL environment (e.g., students' perceptions, tutor feedback, assessment) and the interpretation of results within international student populations. As was found that self-efficacy, goal orientation and learning behaviour are not stable traits, it is important for future research to focus on specific ways to influence self-efficacy and goal orientation to, in the end, influence learning behaviour in a positive way (i.e., achieve deep learning). PBL is a complex pedagogy in which it is desirable that students approach difficult tasks as challenges, that their interest and deep engrossment in activities is fostered, and that they set challenging goals and maintain strong commitment to them. As such, influencing students to exhibit high self-efficacy, to be driven by mastery orientations and/or performance- approach orientations, and to learn deeply is a priority. One avenue of future research might be to study how feedback might play a role here. Bandura (1977), for example, noted that feedback might support the process transforming low self-efficacy into high. With regard to goal orientations, Hoska (1993) stated that if a learning situation is structured to foster a particular type of goal, learners will respond in kind. In fact, she claims a learner’s goal orientation can temporarily and, over time, permanently be altered by intervention. Feedback interventions to alter the goal orientation into a mastery orientation or performance-approach goal need to be aligned to: the learners’ view of intelligence, the environment and the focus on developing skills and gaining knowledge. These complex interacting variables in the learning environment in relation to feedback, self-efficacy, goal orientations, and learning behaviour is the focus of our future research.