Food Materials.
Whole cranberry bean seeds (“Hooter”) were kindly provided by Dr. Peter Pauls, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph. Quinoa, lentil, and buckwheat seeds were purchased from local stores. Fruit and vegetables including apple, cucumber, and carrot were also purchased from local stores. The grain samples were ground directly using a commercial grinder (Stanley
Black & Decker Inc., New Britain, CT). The fruit samples were lyophilized using a Bulk Tray Dryer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO) prior to grinding. The powdered samples were kept at −20 °C until analyzed.