Possible factors involved Abnormal deliveries Twins Caesarean sections Dystocia Abortions Test for specific infections. Minimise stressful conditions during the dry period and at calving. Minimise exposure to non-specific organisms. Provide supplemental selenium and vitamin A. Avoid over-conditioning (high BCS) and overcrowding in dry off period. Prevent milk fever (hypocalcaemia). Use bulls with a record of easy calving. Strategies to prevent placental retention If an infection is identified, treat, vaccinate or cull infected cows. Keeping calving areas clean and well-bedded. And provide assistance in a clean manner if necessary. Fertility problems in dairy cattle 2. Retained foetal membranes