4.3. Managerial ownership turning points
Our nonlinear ownership models allow us to determine at which point management
alignment switches to entrenchment and then back to alignment. For this purpose, we use
the estimated coefficients from model 3, reported in Tables 3 and 4. Using the
coefficients of these regression equations, we graph the industry-adjusted change in
EBIT/TA (and the industry-adjusted change in CF/TA) versus alpha, the portion of the
firm owned by the original owner-managers. Fig. 1 displays the results. For the industryadjusted
change in EBIT/TA in Year +1 relative to Year 1, the turning point from