Since the 1990s, empirical feminist research has taken a variety of
methodological and substantive forms in International Relations.
Studies under the rubric of ‘women in international development’
(WID), and more recently gender and development (GAD), have documented
how male bias in the development process has led to poor implementation
of projects and unsatisfactory policy outcomes in terms of
eradicating poverty and empowering communities (Newland 1988;
Goetz 1991; Kardam 1991; Kabeer 1994; Rathergeber 1995).