Pragmatism is a set of ideas articulated by many people, from historical figures, such as John Dewey, William James, and Charles Sanders Peirce, to contemporaries, such as Cherryholmes (1992) and Murphy (1990) It draws on many ideas, including employing "what works" using diverse approaches, and valuing both objective and subjective knowledge. Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003a) formally linked pragmatism and mixed methods research, arguing the following points