In the 1960s improvements
in technology accelerated the process and increased output
of new land (Pui, 1986) in tandem with urban expansion and
redevelopment (Cheng, 1990). By 2012, reclaimed land accounted
for one fifth of Singapore's area (Wang, Belle, & Hassler, 2015). The
process of land reclamation created new surface for construction
beyond and within the natural coastline.