• Job and income security-Between 1965 and 1980, per capita income grew at an annual average of 0.6%. Though no recent statistics are available, the disruption of war has probably resulted in negative growth.
o Human rights violations-Thousands of political opponents are detained. Hundreds have "disappeared", and torture is widespread.
• Ethnic and other conflicts-Since 1974, the government has been in conflict with the Kurds-who are around 20% of the population. In 1991, a civil conflict began with Shi'a rebels in the southern marshes. In 1992, there were 1.3 million Iraqi refugees in other countries.
o Military spending-Between 1983 and 1992, Iraq. spent $28 billion on arms. In 1990, arms imports were nearly $1,500 per capita, and there were 105 military personnel for every doctor. In 1990, military spending was 271% of social spending.