The main steps involved
Participatory methods and techniques are diverse, and their application varies from setting to setting, and the stage of the evaluation. There are however some general principles guiding the use of participatory methods:
• Participatory methods and techniques tend not to follow a blueprint or standardised procedure. They are used creatively and generatively, often in combination. The methods used are often considered less important than the attitudes and beliefs of those carrying out the investigation.
• Triangulation, using a range of methods from different disciplines to cross-check information, is emphasised given the qualitative nature of the data.
• Training of investigators may be required at all levels, from local communities through to senior management. As well as concepts and methods, training needs to address questions of behaviour and attitudes since these are crucial to any participatory process.
• Evaluators or investigators function primarily as facilitators rather than data collectors. They require appropriate behaviours and attitudes, including self-aware responsibility and a commitment to equity and empowerment.
• With rapid appraisal methods, there is a concern to be efficient in terms of both time and money. The aim is to gather an optimal amount of information – not finding out more than is needed, not measuring more accurately than is required, not trying to measure what does not need to be measured.