Simulations in this study indicated that delivery models using medical direction are not as cost effective as CRNAs acting
independently and often are not financially sustainable without subsidies.
CRNAs acting independently provide anesthesia services at the lowest economic cost. Net revenue is likely to be positive under most circumstances.
The supervisory model is the second lowest cost but reimbursement policies limit its profitability.
The medical direction 1:1 model is almost always the least efficient model.