Whereas the monophyly of Papilionidae has not been seriously questioned (see Vane-Wright, 2003 for a review), the interrela-tionships between the three principal subfamilies Baroniinae, Par-nassiinae and Papilioninae have recently been the subject of some controversies (Fig. 8). Based purely on morphological evidence,there has never been any real doubt that Baroniinae (comprising only the Mexican relict species Baronia brevicornis) is the sister group of a clade comprising Parnassiinae and Papilioninae(Fig. 8AeB). Three convincing synapomorphies uniting the last two subfamilies have earlier been reported: