Page51
-The aircraft approaches to land
-It is consisting of runways, taxiways, apron, navigational aids system, and aircraft maintenance area. The airside is to support aircraft operation
-many airplanes may park far from terminal, then buses take passengers to and from the aircraft. In this chapter reviews the characteristics of runways, taxiways, Aids System marking and lighting systems on runways and taxiways, weather-reporting facilities, and the signage.
-Runway is area on land aerodrome prepared for aircraft landing and takeoff
-Most major airports have several runways, but small airports might have only single runway or one runway.
- the weather conditions permit called primary runway or main runway.
Page 52
-There are 3 main runway configurations: parallel runways. open-V runways. and intersecting runways.
-All Runways were marked and installed standard lighting system in accordance with international standards.
-The standardized lighting is: green threshold lights indicate the beginning of runway, red lights indicate the end of runway, white or yellow lights indicate the edges of runways (Kennedy, 2012).
-The length and other dimensions of runway depend on the most demanding aircraft that will operate on the runway.
- the weight of aircraft on takeoff or on landing, the length to be flown, weather conditions, wind condition, airport location, and physical obstacles
-Parallel runways are most beneficial to airside operations
-However, the two runways separation must in accordance with Instrument Rules-IFR
-The availability of diverging aircraft flight paths after takeoff.
-The least separation is 3000 feet
- many countries require runway separation 5000 feet or more.
Page53
-there are 3 types of marking the runways: visual or basic marking. nonprecision instrument
-the pilot landing the aircraft with clear visibility A nonprecision instrument is having an instrument using air navigation facilities with horizontal guidance.
-More marking to indicate the beginning of the runway called threshold' marking
-The precision instrument runway has additional marking called touchdown zone markings
Page54
-The lighting system in the airfield helps pilot
-the airfield lighting system consists of runwav lighting, taxiway lighting, approach lighting systems “Runway lighting systems”.
- the lighting system located near both sides of runway to assist aircraft with visual based alignmen
-Visual approach slope indicators (VASI)a system of light intended to help to guide the pilot on the glide path for safe landing.