Moderating (increasing) the size distribution at the lower levels through public expenditures of tax revenues to raise the incomes of the poor either directly (e.g., by conditional or unconditional cash transfers) or indirectly (e.g., through public employment creation such as local infrastructure projects or the provision of primary education and health care). Such public policies raise the real income levels of the poor above what their personal income levels would otherwise be, and, as will become clear in later chapters, can do so sustainably when they build the capabilities and assets of people living in poverty.