With a number of important exceptions, the developing countries are those with low-, lower-middle, or upper-middle incomes. These countries are grouped by their geographic region in Table 2.1, making them easier to iden- tify on the map in Figure 2.1. The most common cutoff points for these cate- gories are those used by the World Bank: Low-income countries are defined as having a per capita gross national income in 2008 of $975 or less; lower-middle- income countries have incomes between $976 and $3,855; upper-middle-income countries have incomes between $3,856 and $11,906; and high-income coun- tries have incomes of $11,907 or more. Comparisons of incomes for several countries are shown graphically in Figure 2.2.