the regular consumption of coffee reduced susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation, a pathway which develops in atherosclerotic plaques, thus favoring endothelial function. In another vein, it has been shown that some coffee components, especially phenolics (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid), have a great antioxidant capacity [6], and the consumption of coffee is associated with a small reduction in mortality in women with hepatic disease and/or cirrhosis and shows a protective effect on the liver in hepatic cancer [7]. Additionally, caffeine increases the production of urine with water and electrolyte secretion patterns very similar to those seen with the thiazides [8]. The underlying mechanisms may depend on various factors such as dose, chronic exposure, genetic and enzymatic factors, among others. In animal studies with caffeine exposure, an increase in glomerular filtration and kidney blood flow, especially in the renal medulla, is seen. In a study of the intrarenal mechanisms responsible for the natriuretic effect of caffeine, the renal secretion of sodium increased, and the glomerular filtration rate remained the same, suggesting that diminished fractional sodium reabsorption, both in the proximal and distal tubule of the nephron, contributes to the natriuretic effect of caffeine [8]
Caffeine is the psychoactive substance most widely consumed in the world, it is found not only in coffee but also in tea, carbonated beverages or soft drinks, chocolate, and a wide variety of medications, including appetite suppressants, diuretics, analgesics, and decongestants; the majority of which are sold over the counter and do not have a regulatory control [9, 10]. If you combine the consumption of coffee, tea, chocolate, and soft drinks, the general population consumes a considerable amount of caffeine per day. Adults over the age of 25 have an estimated consumption of approximately 2.4 mg/kg/day, while children under the age of 12 have an estimated consumption of approximately 0.7 mg/kg/day. In addition, it has been confirmed that theobromine and theophylline are alkaloids also found naturally in green tea, black coffee, and cacao [11] however, the direct effect of these substances on physiological responses to the ingestion of foods and beverages containing these types of alkaloids, and the role of each, is not clear.