BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is major cardiovascular risk
factor, and maintaining a high degree of glycaemic
control is the key to its management. The results of
the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group
advised patients and clinicians of the necessity to
lower blood glucose and blood pressure as much as
possible.1 2 However, the ACCORD (Action to
Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study
found no evidence of a lower risk of non-fatal
myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death
from cardiovascular causes in the group with
median HbA1c at 6.4% compared with the standard
treatment group with median HbA1c at 7.5%,
and the trial was terminated early because of higher
mortality in the intensively treated group.3 The
ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular
Disease) study only found a small reduction in total
events among the tightly controlled group (HbA1c
6.4% vs 7.3%).4 Further analysis of the ACCORD
study revealed that patients with poorer glycaemic
control had a greater risk of hypoglycaemia, irrespective
of treatment group.5 6 Those findings
highlight the existence of a gap between the quality
of care provided and optimal care, despite well
known principles of diabetes management. Lifestyles
modification such as healthy diet, exercise,
weight control, no smoking, and low alcohol intake
also help to tighten the glycaemic control.
Although advice or education is frequently given in
general practice, more extensive patient education
programmes emphasising self management skills
are generally more effective for improving diabetes
control (HbA1c and blood pressure).7 Patient self
management and patient centred care with
emphasis on lifestyle modification should be
included as safe and effective ways to control type
2 diabetes.8 9
BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is major cardiovascular risk
factor, and maintaining a high degree of glycaemic
control is the key to its management. The results of
the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group
advised patients and clinicians of the necessity to
lower blood glucose and blood pressure as much as
possible.1 2 However, the ACCORD (Action to
Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study
found no evidence of a lower risk of non-fatal
myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death
from cardiovascular causes in the group with
median HbA1c at 6.4% compared with the standard
treatment group with median HbA1c at 7.5%,
and the trial was terminated early because of higher
mortality in the intensively treated group.3 The
ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular
Disease) study only found a small reduction in total
events among the tightly controlled group (HbA1c
6.4% vs 7.3%).4 Further analysis of the ACCORD
study revealed that patients with poorer glycaemic
control had a greater risk of hypoglycaemia, irrespective
of treatment group.5 6 Those findings
highlight the existence of a gap between the quality
of care provided and optimal care, despite well
known principles of diabetes management. Lifestyles
modification such as healthy diet, exercise,
weight control, no smoking, and low alcohol intake
also help to tighten the glycaemic control.
Although advice or education is frequently given in
general practice, more extensive patient education
programmes emphasising self management skills
are generally more effective for improving diabetes
control (HbA1c and blood pressure).7 Patient self
management and patient centred care with
emphasis on lifestyle modification should be
included as safe and effective ways to control type
2 diabetes.8 9
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