Recent monitoring studies showed measurable
levels of the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) in aquatic environments. However, no information
is currently available on its potential hazard to aquatic nontarget
organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the
potential sub-lethal effects induced by 14-day exposures to
low MDMA concentrations (0.05 and 0.5 μg/L) to zebra
mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) specimens through the application
of a biomarker suite. The trypan blue exclusion method
and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) were used to
assess MDMA cytotoxicity. The activity of superoxide dismutase
(SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx),
and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the lipid
peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were
measured as oxidative stress indexes. The single cell gel
electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay, and
the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate
DNA damage, while filtration rate was measured as physiological
parameter. Despite significant decrease in lysosome
membrane stability, hemocyte viability and imbalances in
CAT and GSTactivities pointed out at the end of the exposure
to 0.5 μg/L, no significant variations for the other end points
were noticed at both the treatments, suggesting that environmentally
relevant MDMA concentrations did not induce deleterious
effects to the zebra mussel.
Recent monitoring studies showed measurablelevels of the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA) in aquatic environments. However, no informationis currently available on its potential hazard to aquatic nontargetorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate thepotential sub-lethal effects induced by 14-day exposures tolow MDMA concentrations (0.05 and 0.5 μg/L) to zebramussel (Dreissena polymorpha) specimens through the applicationof a biomarker suite. The trypan blue exclusion methodand the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) were used toassess MDMA cytotoxicity. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx),and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the lipidperoxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), weremeasured as oxidative stress indexes. The single cell gelelectrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay, andthe micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigateDNA damage, while filtration rate was measured as physiologicalparameter. Despite significant decrease in lysosomemembrane stability, hemocyte viability and imbalances inCAT and GSTactivities pointed out at the end of the exposureto 0.5 μg/L, no significant variations for the other end pointswere noticed at both the treatments, suggesting that environmentallyrelevant MDMA concentrations did not induce deleteriouseffects to the zebra mussel.
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