Fourth, to investigate how PDA-WATA and N-WBT influenced student e-Learning effectiveness, this research also used ANCOVA to test
the relationship between the ‘post-test scores of the summative assessment’ and the ‘two different types of Web-based formative
assessment.’ During ANCOVA, to regulate the effects of pre-test and entry behavior on the post-test scores, the ‘pre-test scores of the
summative assessment’ was taken as the covariate, the ‘post-test scores of the summative assessment’ was taken as the dependent variable
and the ‘two different types ofWeb-based formative assessment’ was taken as the fixed factor. The Bonferroni post hoc test was also used to
test the differences between two different types of Web-based formative assessment in their effectiveness. Finally, this research also
adopted ANCOVA to further investigate the effectiveness of PDA-WATA and N-WBT in facilitating the e-Learning of students with a high level
of self-regulated learning and the e-Learning of students with a low level of self-regulated learning.