Constructivist instructional design models have been subjected to much criticisms lately9)10), mostly for promoting pure discovery-learning and minimally guided instruction. Richard Mayer11) has reviewed results of pure discovery-based learning experiments from 1950s to 1980s and concluded that every decade a new similar approach was invented under different name not making any significant difference. In his own words,
“Pure discovery did not work in the 1960s, it did not work in the 1970s, and it did not work in the 1980s… The debate about discovery has been replayed many times in education, but each time, the research evidence has favored a guided approach to learning.”.12)