In terms of comprehension, several studies have
reported a significant improvement in the listening comprehension of language
learners after being exposed to the captioned/subtitled movies. Markham (1993) found
that captions were more helpful to advanced learners when the video materials were
more abstract or complex. He concluded that for intermediate to advanced learners,
captioning (subtitling) should be used only when the video material is difficult for the
learners.