Family influence on sexual activity differed by gender. Expe- riencing family violence, substance abuse, or mental health problems was associated with earlier sexual debut, having mul- tiple sexual partners, and reduced likelihood of using condoms among males but not females [40]. However, experiencing fam- ily violence, mental health problems, or substance abuse was not associated with pregnancy risk [40].
Other factors on the family level influencing sexual engage- ment were parental values and the perception that relatives were engaging in the behavior [30,42]. Adolescents from lower socioeconomic households were less likely to use condoms dur- ing sexual intercourse [32].