Manganism is the term for Mn toxicity, a neurological
disorder similar to Parkinson’s disease originally
reported by Couper [23]. It has been reported
in miners, smelters and workers involved in the dry
battery industry who were exposed to high levels of
Mn [24–26], although mostly seen among workers
in steel and other metal working facilities
[27–29]. Manganism typically results from pulmonary
absorption of particles between 2–4 lm. Other
common causes for Mn toxicity include potassium
permanganate ingestion [30], excess Mn in total
parenteral nutrition [31–33], dietary supplement
overuse [30], and long term exposure to elevated
Mn levels in drinking water [34,35].