Both music intervention with nursing presence and recorded music interventions had beneficial effects on anxiety,
depression and blood volume pulse amplitude. Significant differences between the two interventions were also observed for
anxiety. Music intervention with nursing presence was more effective in lessening anxiety and on improving the ease of getting
to sleep compared with recorded music (p < 0Æ05). All participants reported that they preferred music intervention with nursing
presence to recorded music. Significant differences were found in music evaluation scores between the two interventions in terms
of harmony and friendliness (p < 0Æ05).