The maximum ethanol productivity, immobilized yield and cell
density during continuous fermentation in the packed-bed reactor
using TSC-cell cultures were relatively high compared to those of
our previous work using alginate–loofa as a support material
[17]. There have been reports on enhanced ethanol productivity
by continuous fermentation with immobilized cells using other
support materials, such as calcium alginate [18,19], calcium pectate
[20] and polyurethane foam cubes [21].