Procedure
Participants were instructed that they had to rate soccer penalty takers based solely
on the pre-performance penalty footage that was presented to them in the video
or point-light displays. Before commencing the experiment, participants filled out
a questionnaire gathering demographic data. Every participant was tested individually
on a standard 17-inch notebook. Participants first performed two practice
trials—one video and one point-light video—to familiarize themselves with the
procedure before viewing the 16 experimental clips, which were presented in
random order. After completing the experiment, participants were informed about
the purpose of the study.