ense is often the default but inadequate alternative, and bench-marking supplies only collective hunches instead of validated
principles. External validity is an empirical process of identifying moderator variables, not a simple yes–no judgment about whether
lab results replicate in the field. Hence, convincing criteria must specify what constitutes high-quality empirical evidence for
organizational use. First, we illustrate some theories and science that have potential use. Then we describe generally accepted
criteria for scientific quality and consensus, starting with peer review for quality, and scientific agreement in forms ranging from
surveys of experts to meta-analyses to National Research Council consensus reports. Linkages of basic science to organizations
entail communicating expert scientific consensus, motivating managerial interest, and translating broad principles to specific
contexts. We close with parting advice to both sides of the researcher–practitioner divide.