The reduced numbers of bacteria could beTable 4 Microbial metabolites and pH in the digesta of suckling piglets, where the mother sows received a dietwithout (C) or with inulin (I)Stomach Small intestine Caecum RectumC (n1 = 8) I (n = 8) C (n2 = 8) I (n = 8) C (n3 = 8) I (n = 8) C (n4 = 8) I (n = 8)pH 3.27 ± 0.44 2.74 ± 0.75 6.78 ± 0.12 6.71 ± 0.64 6.07 ± 0.15 6.20 ± 0.24 6.15 ± 0.49 6.36 ± 0.62L-lactate (mmol/kg) 12.9 ± 2.68 7.68 ± 8.85 8.25 ± 4.13 7.79 ± 3.86 0.34 ± 0.25 0.25 ± 0.19 0.54 ± 0.83 0.22 ± 0.15D-lactate (mmol/kg) 16.7 ± 5.64 13.0 ± 16.9 1.40 ± 1.08 1.21 ± 1.21 0.32 ± 0.23 0.22 ± 0.22 0.08 ± 0.07 0.09 ± 0.06Ammonia (mmol/kg) 3.00 ± 0.92a 2.09 ± 0.71b 3.95 ± 2.09 3.63 ± 1.94 31.9 ± 13.5 23.4 ± 6.60 13.6 ± 4.70 **SCFA (mmol/l) 3.90 ± 2.22 3.74 ± 2.14 4.82 ± 2.23 3.57 ± 3.64 55.6 ± 15.0 49.2 ± 17.0 22.8 ± 10.8 15.3 ± 8.07Acetic acid (mol.%) 3.33 ± 1.75 3.52 ± 1.93 4.40 ± 2.08 3.28 ± 3.41 36.5 ± 9.78 33.9 ± 11.4 13.9 ± 6.75 9.68 ± 4.01Propionic acid (mol.%) 0.12 ± 0.10 0.12 ± 0.20 0.31 ± 0.35 0.19 ± 0.30 10.8 ± 2.59 8.93 ± 3.26 3.83 ± 2.33 2.80 ± 2.36i-butyric acid (mol.%) 0.01 ± 0.00a 0.01 ± 0.02b 0.02 ± 0.02 * 1.24 ± 0.49 0.90 ± 0.40 0.69 ± 0.48 0.47 ± 0.36n-butyric acid (mol.%) 0.18 ± 0.04a 0.06 ± 0.07b 0.12 ± 0.11 0.11 ± 0.11 3.74 ± 1.68 3.10 ± 1.50 2.07 ± 1.61 1.21 ± 1.12i-valeric acid (mol.%) 0.27 ± 0.52a 0.03 ± 0.03b 0.04 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.03 1.62 ± 0.56 1.13 ± 0.41 1.37 ± 0.87 0.86 ± 0.67n-valeric acid (mol.%) 0.02 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 1.70 ± 0.72 1.16 ± 0.50 0.91 ± 0.57 0.47 ± 0.241Available sample size for analysis (stomach): For pH: n = 4/group; for L-lactate, D-lactate, acetic acid, propionic acid, i-butyric acid, and SCFA: n = 7 (C); for i-valericacid: n = 7 (C) and n = 7 (I); for n-butyric acid: n = 6 (C); for n-valeric acid: n = 4 (C) and n = 6 (I).2Available sample size for analysis (small intestine): For pH: n = 4/group; for D-lactate: n = 7 (I); for propionic acid: n = 7 (C) and n = 6 (I); *for i-butyric acid: n = 3 (C)and n = 1 (I); for n-butyric acid: n = 6 (C) and n = 7 (I); for n-valeric acid: n = 4 (C) and n = 5 (I); for ammonia: n = 5 (C) and n = 6 (I).3Available sample size for analysis (caecum): For pH: n = 4/group; for D-lactate: n = 7/group; for ammonia: n = 7 (C) and n = 6 (I).4Available sample size for analysis (rectum): For pH: n = 4 (C) and n = 3 (I); for L-lactate: n = 5/group; for D-lactate: n = 6 (C) and n = 5 (I); **for ammonia: n = 5 (C)and n = 2 (I); for acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid and SCFA: n = 7 (C) and n = 6 (I); for i-butyric acid and n-valeric acid: n = 7 (C) and n = 5 (I).Abbreviation: SCFA: short chain fatty acids.Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05). Group comparisons were calculated separately for stomach, small intestine, caecumand rectum.Paßlack et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2015) 11:51 Page 4 of 8due to a lower feed intake before and after farrowing,which is commonly found in practice and was alsoobserved in the present study. Time-dependent changeswere also detected for the concentrations of the bacterialmetabolites in the faeces of the sows. Higher concentrationsof lactate (P = 0.002) and propionic acid (P < 0.001)were measured on day 4 a.p. compared to the days 1 and5 p.p., and lower concentrations of acetic acid (P < 0.001)were detected on day 4 a.p. compared to the days 1 and 5p.p. The total concentrations of SCFA (P <0.001) and theamounts of ammonia (P = 0.001) were high on day 4 a.p.,decreased until day 1 p.p. and subsequently increased untilday 5 p.p. Overall, it can be concluded that the faecalmicrobiota of the sows might be affected by changes inthe feeding regimen during the parturition time, andadapted to increasing intakes of the lactation diet duringthe first days after farrowing.
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