These media allowed us to simulate nutritional condition of early fermentation (high carbon and nitrogen concentration), mid-fermentation (rate limiting nitrogen and high concentration in carbon), and adjusted fermentation for nitrogen
(rate limiting carbon and high concentration in nitrogen). A quantity of 100 mg/L of (+)-catechin hydrate (Fluka Analytical) was included to make SCM and SLAD supplemented with a source of a polyphenolic compound. Black grape skins were taken from the Calabrian grape cul-tivars Magliocco and Gaglioppo and washed with water.