Ecosystem services range from the provision of food, clean water and regulating services, such as flood and disease control, to a variety of intangible assets. These non-material benefits, termed cultural ecosystem services (CES), are obtained through ‘‘spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences’’ (MA, 2003, p. 58). According to a detailed MA outline by de Groot and Ramakrishnan (2005), CES include six subsets: