The effects of substituting 1.5% of the meat proteins with low gelling soy protein isolate (LGS), high gelling soy
protein isolate (HGS), native whey protein isolate (NWP), and preheated whey protein isolate (PWP) were
compared at varying levels of proteins (12, 13 and 14%), with all meat control batters prepared with canola oil.
Cooking losses were lower for all the non-meat protein treatments compared to the all meat controls. When
raising the protein level from 12 to 14%, cooking losses increased in all treatments except for the NWP
treatments. Using LGS increased emulsification and resulted in a more stable meat batters at the 13 and 14%
protein treatments. Textural profile analysis results showed that elevating protein level increased hardness
and cohesiveness. The highest hardness values were obtained for the PWP treatments and the lowest for the
HGS, indicating a strong non-meat protein effect on texture modification. Non-meat protein addition resulted
in lighter and less red products (i.e., lower red meat content) compared to the all meat controls; color affected
by non-meat protein type. Light microscopy revealed that non-meat proteins decreased the frequency of fat
globules' agglomeration and protein aggregation. The whey protein preparations and HGS formed distinct
“islands”within the meat batters' matrices, which appeared to interact with the meat protein matrix
The effects of substituting 1.5% of the meat proteins with low gelling soy protein isolate (LGS), high gelling soy
protein isolate (HGS), native whey protein isolate (NWP), and preheated whey protein isolate (PWP) were
compared at varying levels of proteins (12, 13 and 14%), with all meat control batters prepared with canola oil.
Cooking losses were lower for all the non-meat protein treatments compared to the all meat controls. When
raising the protein level from 12 to 14%, cooking losses increased in all treatments except for the NWP
treatments. Using LGS increased emulsification and resulted in a more stable meat batters at the 13 and 14%
protein treatments. Textural profile analysis results showed that elevating protein level increased hardness
and cohesiveness. The highest hardness values were obtained for the PWP treatments and the lowest for the
HGS, indicating a strong non-meat protein effect on texture modification. Non-meat protein addition resulted
in lighter and less red products (i.e., lower red meat content) compared to the all meat controls; color affected
by non-meat protein type. Light microscopy revealed that non-meat proteins decreased the frequency of fat
globules' agglomeration and protein aggregation. The whey protein preparations and HGS formed distinct
“islands”within the meat batters' matrices, which appeared to interact with the meat protein matrix
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