Causes of oral malodor include extrinsic causes such as
smoking, alcohol, and certain foods,7 and intrinsic causes that
are either oral or systemic in origin.8 Oral causes of halitosis
include periodontal diseases, pericoronitis, oral infections,
and ulcers and are mainly associated with the production and
release of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs),9 while systemic
causes include respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, sinusitis
and post-nasal drip,10 respiratory tract and lung carcinomas,11
diabetic ketoacidosis,12 renal failure, gastrointestinal disorders,
13,14 and the use of certain medications