pumped from the reef. Flowing filtered seawater entered
the top of the central tube and moved through nozzles
at the tank base to produce gentle circular movement
throughout the water column, and the wastewater exited
the tank through the mesh-covered outflow. The flow rate
was 150 to 300 mL /min, producing a complete turnover
in the tanks approximately every 4 to 8 h. To test whether
the conical tank could support the growth and development of F. scutaria, approximately 10,000 larvae/ L were
stocked in the conical tanks (n 4) tanks. To reduce mortality of the early fragile stages (0– 24 h postfertilization)
from excessive motion in the flow-through chambers, the
spiral-flow tanks were tested with 24 h postfertilization