Thanks to carbon’s high thermal conductivity, low thermal
expansion coefficient and non-wettability by slag, carboncontaining
refractory bricks (CCRBs) show much better
physicochemical properties and performance than their carbonfree
oxide-based counterparts. During the past three decades,
CCRBs have been extensively and successfully applied to line
important steel-making furnaces such as converters and ladles
and to make functional devices for steel flow control