Analysis of household survey data from San Francisco showed that short trip distance, number of bikes in household, male gender, purpose of trip for recreation and (absence of) darkness were positively correlated with cycling (P < 0.05).34 Two studies (one USA, one Dutch) identified statistically significant associations between green and recreational space and cycling.49,50 The US study in a university setting showed association between increasing sloping terrain and reduced cycle mode share.44 A study using a mixed survey and qualitative design identified perceived safety as a barrier for older people.46