Accordingly, when governments attempt to encourage members to relinquish violence, circumventing the leaders of these organizations, the initiatives tend to founder. For example, Nasser offered inducements to members of the Muslim Brothers to declare allegiance to the government. This offer did not curb violence, however. In contrast, when the Zeroual regime, in Algeria, negotiated directly with leaders of the Islamic Salvation Army during 1997 and 2000, de-radicalization did eventuate.
Similarly, attempts to facilitate interactions between these Islamist organizations and other social collectives are effective only if these charismatic leaders are also involved. To illustrate, debates between the Muslim Brothers or Islamic Group members and Islamists who did not espouse violence did not foster de-radicalization across these organizations because leaders did not participate. Instead, only circumscribed factions exhibited the signs of de-radicalization.