3.3 The commercial scale torrefaction reactor
The commercial scale torrefaction reactor can be classified into 6 types as follows.
3.3.1 The fixed-bed torrefaction reactor
This reactor was developed for a long time because of its simplicity. The operating principle of this reactor is similar to pilot scale reactor.However there is a disadvantage for this reactor i.e. irregularly in temperature distribution throughout the reactor. Integrofuels company was established this reactor in the 2010s. The production capacity of reactor was 48,000 tons/year. It was found that the loss weight of biomass was 20-30% compare with initial weight, while retaining 90% of its energy [26].