Market-to-book ratio (MV/BV) as a proxy variable of IC has been used in both continuous
and categorical variables within the framework of direct and indirect tests. We structured
categorical variable into two groups:
1. firms that have MV/BV ratio lower than 1; and
2. firms that have MV/BV higher than 1.
The logic behind this categorization is that a higher value of MV/BV may indicate positive
signals in terms of IC. Table VI demonstrates descriptive statistics about MV/BV with
respect to firms’ unsystematic factors within the analysis period. It is observed that there
are more firms taking a higher value of MV/BV over the threshold value than those of having
lower value except for 2008 in which 93 and 42 firms take a lower and a higher value,
respectively. It is aimed to test whether there are statistically significant differences based
on the categorization of IC with respect to CG, CSR and firms’ unsystematic factors.