Two instruments, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Ethical
Leadership (the ELS) instrument were used for collecting data. The Multifactor
Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ. 5X) instrument has been verified for content validity
and reliability (Bass & Avolio, 2004). “Repeated reliability and validity studies have
confirmed that the MLQ was valid and reliable as a measurement instrument with
average reliability coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.94’’ (Bass & Avolio, 2004, p. 94).
The questionnaire, MLQ (5X short), contained 45 items that identified and measured key
leadership and effectiveness behaviors. The authors posited that prior research using the
MLQ was strongly linked with both individual and organizational success. Written
permission was obtained to use the instrument prior to distribution (Appendix A).