The behavioral science paradigm takes the same history, but from a psychological perspective. This view deemphasizes the hardware-software side and focuses instead on utilization. Typical chapters in this history might begin with Comenius's introduction of pictures into textbooks. Or perhaps the early tenets of behaviorism might set the stage for the principles of learning. Now the focus has moved towards making learning more effective and efficient. We do this by the science of control. Twentieth-century psychologists identified themselves as behaviorists, cyberneticists, cognitivists, and constructivists. Communication theory developed simultaneously from theories of individual communication models, to mass communication theories, to small group models. Educational technology was the pragmatic "educational" component of these theories, concepts, and ideas.