Participants were 833 Dutch middle school adolescent boys. Three boys were eliminated because they did not play video
games, leaving 830 participants (M-age ¼ 13.9, SD ¼ 1.38). Parental consent ratewas 100%. Student assent ratewas also 100%.
The Dutch middle school system uses standardized tests to group students into three different educational ability levels:
(1) VMBO is the lowest ability level, (2) HAVO is the middle level, and (3) VWO is the highest educational ability level.1
Participants were equally distributed across the three levels: 33.4% were from VMBO schools, 33.0% were from HAVO
schools, and 33.6% were from VWO schools.