Discharge planning is also interdisciplinary18 and 20 and focuses on returning the patient to their home with optimal outcomes.20 Each day during rounds, care is directed to assist the patient in returning to the home as soon as possible, rather than a skilled nursing facility or nursing home. Medical care is reviewed “to prevent complications secondary to medicines and procedures.”20 Discharge planning, as well as the other aspects of the ACE program, is designed to promote holistic care and recovery for older patients. The ability of the ACE program to meet its goals are examined in multiple studies.
Six articles report on investigation into the ACE program. Four of these report data from randomized control trials (RCTs),19, 20, 21 and 24 and 2 report hospital surveys.18 and 25 Sample sizes and methodology varied widely among studies. Three RCTs looked at the same sample of 651 patients,19, 20 and 24 and the remaining RCT looked at a separate sample of 1531 patients.21 Methodology for all 4 RCTs is comparable; all studies used performance of ADLs as their primary indicator.19, 20, 21 and 24 None of these 4 reports were blinded to participants or data collectors, although this was not feasible given the design of the studies.
The performance of ADLs under the ACE program was addressed in 3 RCTs.19, 20 and 21 Counsell and colleagues21 reported that there was not a statistically significant difference in ADL performance from baseline to discharge between the ACE intervention group and control group. Landefeld and colleagues19 and Covinsky and colleagues,20 using the same data set, reported that patients from the ACE intervention unit were “more likely to improve and less likely to decline in ADL performance”21 between admission and discharge. There is a positive trend toward ADL improvement under the ACE program. Whereas Counsell and colleagues21 reported that differences in ADL performance were not statistically significant, Landefeld and colleagues19 and Covinsky and colleagues20 reported that differences in ADL performance were statistically significant. This difference in statistical significance may be due to sample sizes. Counsell and colleagues21 had a much larger sample size than Landefeld and colleagues19 and Covinsky and colleagues.20 Their sample demographics and method of data collection were similar.
Three reports studied costs of implementing the ACE program. Counsell and colleagues21 reported that there was not a significant difference in the cost of care for ACE or usual care patients. Covinsky and colleagues20 and 24 reported that it was more expensive to care for patients in the ACE program while patients are hospitalized; however, the patients in the ACE program had a shorter length of stay (see Appendix A).19, 20 and 24 As a result, there was not a statistically significant difference in the cost of caring for a patient on the ACE unit or a usual care unit.20 and 24 There was also not a statistically significant difference in total cost of care for a patient on an ACE unit or a usual care unit (see Appendix A).20 and 24 Therefore, all studies examining cost appear to have an consensus that the ACE unit is not more expensive than the usual method of care and may indeed be cheaper than the usual method of care.20, 21 and 24
Counsell and colleagues,21 Covinsky and colleagues,20 and Covinsky and colleagues24 found that ACE patients were less likely to be discharged to a nursing home or other long-term care facility. Counsel and colleagues21 followed patients for 12 months after discharge and found that they were less likely to be discharged to a nursing home or to spend time in a nursing home in the 12 months following discharge. Covinsky and colleagues20 and 24 found that patients from the ACE unit were less likely to spend any time in a nursing home or long-term care facility in the first 90 days after discharge. This finding was statistically significant.
Interestingly, only 1 article, by Counsell and colleagues,21 reviewed other outcomes of the ACE program, such as patient and health care satisfaction with the program, use of restrains, and use of interdisciplinary team members. Patients, family members, nurses, and doctors all reported increased satisfaction with the ACE program compared with usual care.21 This study also found that there were other benefits to the ACE program of care. Patients were less likely to be physically restrained than patients in a usual care unit.21 Depression was also recognized more often by physicians and earlier in the patient's stay.21 The effects of depression recognition were not addressed in this study; however, it can be presumed that treatment and recognition of depression early on can improve physical as well as emotional well-being. Interdisciplinary team members were utilized more in the ACE unit compared with the usual care unit. For example, physical therapy consults were obtained sooner and more often and social work was consulted more often.21 These findings suggest that ACE improves multiple aspects of patient care and well-being.
Of the 2 surveys reviewed, 1 queried 82 hospitals with geriatric divisions for the presence of an ACE unit. Only 16 hospitals reported having an ACE unit.18 In the other survey, 18 hospitals with ACE units were surveyed to describe their ACE units (see Appendix A).25 Most hospitals that implemented ACE were urban or university hospitals. Importantly, hospital revenue was significantly associated with having an ACE unit; hospitals with higher revenues more often have ACE units.18 These survey findings describe the types and quantity of hospitals with ACE units.
HELP Program
The ACE program requires specially designed and constructed units. In 1999, the Hospitalized Elder Life Program (HELP) was introduced; HELP can be implemented in any preexisting hospital environment. The HELP program was developed by Inouye at Yale University School of Medicine and was first described in the New England Journal of Medicine. 26 Implementation of the HELP program at other hospitals outside of Yale began in 2001. 27 HELP is a program that is designed “to maintain physical and cognitive function throughout the hospitalization; to maximize independence at discharge; to assist with the transition from hospital to home; and to prevent unplanned remissions.” 16 The program is composed of multiple interventions that are applied based on individual need. 16
In HELP, older patients are screened for 6 risk factors of functional decline and delirium: cognitive orientation and impairment, sleep deprivation, immobility, vision impairment, hearing impairment, and dehydration.16 and 28 For patients deemed at risk for functional decline or delirium based on these risk factors, protocols are put in place to prevent decline. Protocols include a daily visitor program, therapeutic activities program, early mobilization program, nonpharmacologic sleep protocol, hearing and vision protocol, geriatric interdisciplinary care, and links with community services.27 “While the intervention protocol are standardized, the menu of assigned interventions is individualized for each patient” based on their individual risk factors at screening and regular reassessments.16 An individual patient can be involved in anywhere from 0 to all 6 protocols to avoid functional decline.
The HELP program uses an interdisciplinary team of volunteers and professionals. Volunteers must undergo a rigorous hospital training program; untrained volunteers, such as family members, are not considered to be a part of the intervention. Methods of volunteer recruitment are left to the discretion of the individual hospital. Trained volunteers can implement many aspects of the HELP model.16, 27 and 28 Volunteers are used to assist with the ambulation of patients, offering warm milk and massages before bed, and providing socialization.16, 27 and 28 Other members of the HELP team include an elder life nurse specialist, elder life specialist, geriatrician, program director, and interdisciplinary support staff as needed (including a chaplain, pharmacist, dietician, rehabilitation therapists, discharge planner, social worker, and psychiatric liaison nurse).27 Each member of the team works to decrease risk factors for each patient.
Five articles report aspects of research on the HELP program. Two studies surveyed HELP sites;28 and 29 1 study was a descriptive study,16 and 1 was a prospective matching clinical trial.26 One study followed a pre- and posttest design of a HELP implementation.30 Sample sizes were large, ranging from 852 patients in 1 study26 to 4763 patients in the largest study.30 Methods varied widely (see Appendix A). Bradley and colleagues29 and Inouye and colleagues28 used survey-style self-reporting by HELP administrators. Inouye and colleagues16 and Rubin and colleagues30 enrolled all qualified patients to HELP within a given time period. Inouye and colleagues26 used a prospective patient-matching style for their clinical trial.
Inouye and colleagues26 and Rubin and colleagues30 reviewed the effectiveness of the HELP program by looking at how HELP influenced risk factors and delirium. In these studies, the HELP program met its main goal of maintaining physical and cognitive function in geriatric patients. HELP resulted in a lower incidence of delirium, a lower number of total days with delirium, and a lower number of episodes of delirium. HELP also had a positive effect on the presence of risk factors in patients. When HELP patients were reassessed after 5 days of hospitalization or at discharge (whichever occurred first), they were found to have less cognitive impairment, less sleep deprivation and less use of sedative drugs, less immobility, more vision and hearing corrected patients, and less dehydration.26 These findings showed positive trends; however, only the findings for cognitive impairment and sleep deprivation and use of sedative drugs were statistical
วางแผนปล่อย interdisciplinary18 และ 20 และเน้นความผู้ป่วยบ้านของพวกเขาด้วย outcomes.20 ที่ดีที่สุดแต่ละวันในรอบ เป็นผู้กำกับดูแลเพื่อช่วยให้ผู้ป่วยกลับไปบ้านโดยเร็วที่สุด นอกจากพยาบาลผู้เชี่ยวชาญสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกหรือพยาบาล แพทย์จะตรวจสอบ "เพื่อป้องกันภาวะแทรกซ้อนรองยาและกระบวนการ" 20 ปล่อยวาง และด้านอื่น ๆ ของโปรแกรม ACE ถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อส่งเสริมการดูแลแบบองค์รวมและการกู้คืนสำหรับผู้ป่วยเก่า ความสามารถของโปรแกรมเอเพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าหมายจะตรวจสอบในการศึกษาหลายบทความ 6 รายงานเกี่ยวกับการตรวจสอบลงในโปรแกรม ACE 4 ข้อมูลรายงานเหล่านี้จากการทดลองควบคุม randomized (RCTs), 19, 20, 21 และ 24 และ 2 รายงานโรงพยาบาล surveys.18 และขนาดตัวอย่าง 25 วิธีที่แตกต่างกันระหว่างการศึกษาอย่างกว้างขวาง RCTs 3 มองอย่างเดียวของผู้ป่วยที่ 651, 19, 20 และ 24 และ RCT เหลือดูในตัวอย่างที่แยกต่างหากของ 1531 patients.21 วิธี RCTs 4 ทั้งหมดจะเปรียบเทียบได้ ศึกษาทั้งหมดใช้ประสิทธิภาพของ ADLs เป็น indicator.19 ของพวกเขาหลัก 20, 21 และ 24 รายงาน 4 เหล่านี้ไม่ได้มองไม่เห็นร่วมหรือข้อมูลสะสม แม้ว่าไม่เป็นไปได้รับการออกแบบการศึกษาประสิทธิภาพของ ADLs ภายใต้โปรแกรม ACE ถูกส่งใน 3 RCTs.19, 20 และ 21 Counsell และ colleagues21 รายงานว่า ยังไม่มีความแตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติใน ADL ประสิทธิภาพจากพื้นฐานปลดระหว่างเอสแทรกแซงของกลุ่มและกลุ่มควบคุม Landefeld และ colleagues19 และ Covinsky และเพื่อนร่วม งาน 20 ใช้ข้อมูลชุดเดียวกัน รายงานผู้ป่วยจากหน่วยแทรกแซงเอมี "แนวโน้มที่จะปรับปรุง และแนวโน้มน้อยลงจะลดลงประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของ ADL" 21 ระหว่างการรับสมัครและจำหน่าย มีแนวโน้มบวกไปพัฒนาโปรแกรม ACE ADL ในขณะที่ Counsell และ colleagues21 รายงานว่า ความแตกต่างในประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของ ADL ไม่อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ Landefeld และ colleagues19 และ Covinsky และ colleagues20 รายงานว่า ความแตกต่างในประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของ ADL ได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ ความแตกต่างนี้ในนัยสำคัญทางสถิติอาจเป็น เพราะกลุ่มตัวอย่างขนาด Counsell และ colleagues21 มีตัวมากใหญ่อย่างขนาด Landefeld และ colleagues19 และ Covinsky และ colleagues.20 ลักษณะของประชากรตัวอย่าง และวิธีการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลคล้ายกันThree reports studied costs of implementing the ACE program. Counsell and colleagues21 reported that there was not a significant difference in the cost of care for ACE or usual care patients. Covinsky and colleagues20 and 24 reported that it was more expensive to care for patients in the ACE program while patients are hospitalized; however, the patients in the ACE program had a shorter length of stay (see Appendix A).19, 20 and 24 As a result, there was not a statistically significant difference in the cost of caring for a patient on the ACE unit or a usual care unit.20 and 24 There was also not a statistically significant difference in total cost of care for a patient on an ACE unit or a usual care unit (see Appendix A).20 and 24 Therefore, all studies examining cost appear to have an consensus that the ACE unit is not more expensive than the usual method of care and may indeed be cheaper than the usual method of care.20, 21 and 24Counsell and colleagues,21 Covinsky and colleagues,20 and Covinsky and colleagues24 found that ACE patients were less likely to be discharged to a nursing home or other long-term care facility. Counsel and colleagues21 followed patients for 12 months after discharge and found that they were less likely to be discharged to a nursing home or to spend time in a nursing home in the 12 months following discharge. Covinsky and colleagues20 and 24 found that patients from the ACE unit were less likely to spend any time in a nursing home or long-term care facility in the first 90 days after discharge. This finding was statistically significant.Interestingly, only 1 article, by Counsell and colleagues,21 reviewed other outcomes of the ACE program, such as patient and health care satisfaction with the program, use of restrains, and use of interdisciplinary team members. Patients, family members, nurses, and doctors all reported increased satisfaction with the ACE program compared with usual care.21 This study also found that there were other benefits to the ACE program of care. Patients were less likely to be physically restrained than patients in a usual care unit.21 Depression was also recognized more often by physicians and earlier in the patient's stay.21 The effects of depression recognition were not addressed in this study; however, it can be presumed that treatment and recognition of depression early on can improve physical as well as emotional well-being. Interdisciplinary team members were utilized more in the ACE unit compared with the usual care unit. For example, physical therapy consults were obtained sooner and more often and social work was consulted more often.21 These findings suggest that ACE improves multiple aspects of patient care and well-being.Of the 2 surveys reviewed, 1 queried 82 hospitals with geriatric divisions for the presence of an ACE unit. Only 16 hospitals reported having an ACE unit.18 In the other survey, 18 hospitals with ACE units were surveyed to describe their ACE units (see Appendix A).25 Most hospitals that implemented ACE were urban or university hospitals. Importantly, hospital revenue was significantly associated with having an ACE unit; hospitals with higher revenues more often have ACE units.18 These survey findings describe the types and quantity of hospitals with ACE units.HELP ProgramThe ACE program requires specially designed and constructed units. In 1999, the Hospitalized Elder Life Program (HELP) was introduced; HELP can be implemented in any preexisting hospital environment. The HELP program was developed by Inouye at Yale University School of Medicine and was first described in the New England Journal of Medicine. 26 Implementation of the HELP program at other hospitals outside of Yale began in 2001. 27 HELP is a program that is designed “to maintain physical and cognitive function throughout the hospitalization; to maximize independence at discharge; to assist with the transition from hospital to home; and to prevent unplanned remissions.” 16 The program is composed of multiple interventions that are applied based on individual need. 16In HELP, older patients are screened for 6 risk factors of functional decline and delirium: cognitive orientation and impairment, sleep deprivation, immobility, vision impairment, hearing impairment, and dehydration.16 and 28 For patients deemed at risk for functional decline or delirium based on these risk factors, protocols are put in place to prevent decline. Protocols include a daily visitor program, therapeutic activities program, early mobilization program, nonpharmacologic sleep protocol, hearing and vision protocol, geriatric interdisciplinary care, and links with community services.27 “While the intervention protocol are standardized, the menu of assigned interventions is individualized for each patient” based on their individual risk factors at screening and regular reassessments.16 An individual patient can be involved in anywhere from 0 to all 6 protocols to avoid functional decline.
The HELP program uses an interdisciplinary team of volunteers and professionals. Volunteers must undergo a rigorous hospital training program; untrained volunteers, such as family members, are not considered to be a part of the intervention. Methods of volunteer recruitment are left to the discretion of the individual hospital. Trained volunteers can implement many aspects of the HELP model.16, 27 and 28 Volunteers are used to assist with the ambulation of patients, offering warm milk and massages before bed, and providing socialization.16, 27 and 28 Other members of the HELP team include an elder life nurse specialist, elder life specialist, geriatrician, program director, and interdisciplinary support staff as needed (including a chaplain, pharmacist, dietician, rehabilitation therapists, discharge planner, social worker, and psychiatric liaison nurse).27 Each member of the team works to decrease risk factors for each patient.
Five articles report aspects of research on the HELP program. Two studies surveyed HELP sites;28 and 29 1 study was a descriptive study,16 and 1 was a prospective matching clinical trial.26 One study followed a pre- and posttest design of a HELP implementation.30 Sample sizes were large, ranging from 852 patients in 1 study26 to 4763 patients in the largest study.30 Methods varied widely (see Appendix A). Bradley and colleagues29 and Inouye and colleagues28 used survey-style self-reporting by HELP administrators. Inouye and colleagues16 and Rubin and colleagues30 enrolled all qualified patients to HELP within a given time period. Inouye and colleagues26 used a prospective patient-matching style for their clinical trial.
Inouye and colleagues26 and Rubin and colleagues30 reviewed the effectiveness of the HELP program by looking at how HELP influenced risk factors and delirium. In these studies, the HELP program met its main goal of maintaining physical and cognitive function in geriatric patients. HELP resulted in a lower incidence of delirium, a lower number of total days with delirium, and a lower number of episodes of delirium. HELP also had a positive effect on the presence of risk factors in patients. When HELP patients were reassessed after 5 days of hospitalization or at discharge (whichever occurred first), they were found to have less cognitive impairment, less sleep deprivation and less use of sedative drugs, less immobility, more vision and hearing corrected patients, and less dehydration.26 These findings showed positive trends; however, only the findings for cognitive impairment and sleep deprivation and use of sedative drugs were statistical
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..